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Study Guide for Introduction to Latin Exam
I. LANGUAGE
Nouns:
Declensions 1st ,2nd
and 3rd (3rd only frequently used words for comprehension)
1st
2nd Mas 2nd Neuter
3rd M/F 3rd Neuter
a
us/r um
---
---
ae
ī ī
is
is
ae
ō ō
ī
ī
am
um um
em
----
ā
ō ō
e
e
ae
ī a
ēs
a
ārum ōrum
ōrum
um
um
īs īs
īs
ibus
ibus
ās ōs
a
ēs
a
īs īs
īs
ibus
ibus
Cases: Nom-Abl (6)
1 Nominative: subject and predicate
nominative
2 Genitive: possession (of,
‘s, s’)
3 Dative: indirect object (to/for)
with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative: direct object and object of the following
prepositions:
ad –to,
toward, near ante –before, in front of
circum -around
in –into,
onto, against per -through
post –after, behind
trans –across
5 Ablative: ablative of means (no
Latin preposition= by means of, with, by)
object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
Sub -under
Sine -without
In –in,
on Prō- on behalf of, for
Dē-
about, down from Ab/ā –
away from, from
Cum-
with
Ex/ē –out
of, out from
6 Vocative: direct address –used in questions and commands; often
punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
Pronouns:
-personal:
ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative,
accusative)
I/me
you
we/us
you
Nom ego tū
nōs vōs
Acc mē tē
nōs vōbīs
-interrogative: quis,
quid, quī (nominative and accusative only) (uses ? mark)
Who?
Who?
What?
Nom S quis
quis quid
Acc S quem
quem quid
Who (pl)? Who (pl)?
What (pl)?
Nom pl quī
quae quae
Acc pl quōs
quās quae
Adjectives:
Declensions 1st and 2nd (masculine, feminine and
neuter) see noun chart above
-noun and adjective agreement = number,
gender and case
-interrogative:
quot =how many
Numbers:
Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria,
quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100
–centum and 1000- mille
Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10),
L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
. .
Adverbs:
positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives
(usually ly in English)
-formation: pulcher, pulchrA,
pulchrum=beautiful:
remove the ‘A’ from feminine,
replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
-interrogatives: cur,
(why?) ubi (where?)
-irregulars: bene
(well), male (badly)
Conjunctions:
aut, (or) et (and),
quod (because) , sed (but), ubi (when) neque,
(and not/neither/nor)
et...et,
(both… and) neque...neque
(neither…nor)
Enclitic:
-ne (indicates a question –do
not use with question word
like how, when, who, etc)
-que (attach on the second of
the 2 words/phrases; translate before the second of the 2 words
e.g. peanut butter
and jelly = peanut butter jellyQUE
Verbs:
Translations of 3 tenses: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1):
Present: I
verb I do verb I am verbing
Imperfect: I was verbing
I used to verb I did verb I verbed
Future: I shall/will verb
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Conjugations 1st
– 4th
-Three tenses of the indicative mood:
present, imperfect, future, (active voice)
Present Imperfect Future 1st/2nd
Future 3rd/4th
Subject I -ō
-bam
-bō
-am
Subject You
-s -bās
-bis -ēs
Subject He, she, it
-t
-bat
-bit
-et
Subject We
-mus -bāmus
-bimus -ēmus
Subject You plural -tis
-bātis -bitis
-ētis
Subject They -nt
-bant
-bunt -ent
-present active imperative singular and
plural : = verb!
1st
2nd 3rd 4th
ā āte ē
ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte
-present active infinitive=
to verb
-āre -ēre -ere -īre
-negative imperative with noli, nolite
+ infinitive =
don’t verb!
e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t
love! nōlīte amāre = don’t love (plural)
-irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
(to be): (3 tenses) present, imperfect, future
Present Imperfect
Future Translations
sum eram erō
(I-- am, was, will be, have
been/was)
es erās eris
(You-- are, were, will be, have
been/ were)
est
erat
erit
(He, she, it-- is, was, will be, has been/was)
sumus erāmus erimus
(We-- are, were, will be, have been/were)
estis erātis eritis
(You-- are, were, will be, have
been/were)
sunt erant erunt
(They-- are, were, will be, have
been/were)
II. CULTURE AND
CIVILIZATION
-Geography:
Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare
Nostrum, Tiber River
Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia,
Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts
Provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa,
Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy
-Mythology:
Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols,
duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus
Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and
Minerva;
Major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules,
Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops
Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector,
Ulysses, Helen
-Roman life:
city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus,
Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia
-basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium;
triclinium, insulae
-clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola;
-Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus,
filius, filia
-meals- ientaculum (breakfast), prandium (lunch), cena
(dinner),
culina (kitchen)
(see a full
list of terms associated with house and daily living)
-architectural
structures and their functions:
e.g., aqueduct,
thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica
History:
-Basic historical divisions:
Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials
Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials
Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials
-Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus
Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius,
5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius,
7. Tarquinius Superbus
-Early Roman heroes-Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola
III. LATIN IN USE
-Basic spoken phrases: e.g.,
Salve, salvete
hello Quid agis? How are you? /
What are you doing?
Quid est nomen tibi?
What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye
Ita vero,
Yes! Minime,
no!
Quid est?
What is it? Quis est?
Who is it?
Gratias tibi ago,
Thank you Sol lucet, The sun
is shining
Quota hora est?
What time is it? Adsum, I am
present
Quid novi?
What’s new?
-Derivatives:
English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g.,
agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority,
puerile, quadruped
-Expressions, mottoes, and abbreviations: e.g., E pluribus
unum, tempus fugit, N.B., carpe diem, a.m.
i.e., A.D., Veni vidi vici, Summa cum laude, per annum
IV:
Intro to Latin Reading Level
Students read words,
phrases and simple sentences and dialogues frequently associated with
pictures. The reading comprehension passage incorporates high frequency
vocabulary with use of repetition to assist comprehension. Texts are
composed to narrate a short story with an introduction, series of events,
and conclusion.
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