Study Guide Latin 3

Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam

I. LANGUAGE

Nouns:

Declensions 1^st ,2^nd and 3rd

1^st D 2^nd Mas 2^nd Neu 3^rd M/F 3^rd Neu 4^th M/F 4^th Neu 5th

a us/r um --- --- us ū ēs

ae ī ī is is ūs ūs eī

ae ō ō ī ī uī ū eī

am um um em --- um ū em

ā ō ō e (ī)/e ū ū ē

ae ī a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs

ārum ōrum ōrum (i)um (i)um uum uum ērum

īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus

ās ōs a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs

īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus

Cases: Nom-Abl (6)

1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative

2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’);

- genitive with causa or gratia;

-description

- objective genitive

- partitive genitive

3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting

- purpose/reference

- agent (with passive periphrastic)-- it must be done by me = mihi

- with special adjectives, e.g., amicus, (friendly) hostilis, (hostile) gratus (pleasing)

carus, (dear) similis, (similar)

4 Accusative: -direct object

-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days

-extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep

- place to which (without preposition) e.g. to Rome = Romam

-accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement)

-object of the following prepositions:

apud- at (the house of), with praeter-except, besides super- above

ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -around

in –into, onto, against per -through post –after, behind

contra -against inter-between, among prope -near

trāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of

5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by

-ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn

-ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by

-ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed

- ablative of comparison- (doesn’t use quam) -taller than you = altior tē

- ablative of description-

- ablative of cause -

- place from which (without preposition)

-object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)

Sub -under Sine -without

In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for

Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from

Cum- with

Ex/ē –out of, out from

6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

7. Locative: place where

Other Noun Uses:

Apposition (appositives)- restates another noun- put into same case as other noun-

e.g. My sister, the doctor, is famous. Mea soror, medica famosa est.

appositive

Comparison with quam (= than): when comparing 2 nouns, put 2^nd noun in same case as the first

e.g. I am taller than you. Ego sum altior quam tū.

Pronouns:

-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs

I/me You/you We/us You/you

Nom ego tū nōs vōs

Gen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum

Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs

Acc mē tē nōs vōs

Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs

-relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom

Nom S quī quae quod

Gen S cuius cuius cuius

Dat S cui cui cui

Acc S quem quam quod

Abl S quō quā quō

Nom pl quī quae quae

Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum

Dat pl quibus quibus quibus

Acc pl quōs quās qua

Abl pl quibus quibus quibus

-interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what?

Nom S quis quis quid

Gen S cuius cuius cuius

Dat S cui cui cui

Acc S quem quem quid

Abl S quō quō quō

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Nom pl quī quae quae

Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum

Dat pl quibus quibus quibus

Acc pl quōs quās quae

Abl pl quibus quibus quibus

-reflexive: meī, tuī, nostrum, vestrum, suī- self (refers back to subject)

meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self

mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self

mē tē nōs vōs sē …self

mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sē by/with/from…self

-demonstratives: hic, ille, is

This/these That/those He She It (also this/that)

hic haec hoc ille illa illud is ea id

huius huius huius illius illius illius eius eius eius

huic huic huic illī illī illī eī eī eī

hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud eum eam id

hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō eō eā eō

hī hae haec illī illae illa eī eae ea

hōrum hārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum eārum eōrum

hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs

hōs hās haec illōs illās illa eōs eās ea

hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs

-demonstratives: ipse, īdem, iste

him-, her-, itself/themselves The same… That/those, such.. (usually pejorative)

ipse ipsa ipsum īdem eadem idem iste ista istud

ipsius ipsius ipsius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem istius istius istius

ipsī ipsī ipsī eīdem eīdem eīdem istī istī istī

ipsum ipsam ipsum eundem eandem idem istum istam istud

ipsō ipsā ipsō eōdem eādem eōdem istō istā istō

ipsī ipsae ipsa eīdem eaedem eadem istī istae ista

ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum eōrundem eārundem eōrundem istōrum istārum istōrum

ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem istīs istīs istīs

ipsōs ipsās ipsa eōsdem eāsdem eadem istōs istās ista

ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem istīs istīs istīs

-indefinite pronouns: aliquis, aliquid, (someone/thing, anyone/thing)

quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (a certain one/thing, someone/thing)

quisque, quidque (each one/thing)

Adjectives: Declensions 1^st ,2^nd, 3^rd (masculine, feminine and neuter) –positive form

Fem Mas Neu Mas Fem Neu

a us/r um -/is/e -/is/e -/e

ae ī ī is is is

ae ō ō ī ī ī

am um um em em -/e

ā ō ō ī ī ī

ae ī a ēs ēs ia

ārum ōrum ōrum ium ium ium

īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus

ās ōs a ēs ēs ia

īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus

-noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions)

-interrogative: quot =how many

-degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions (regular and irregular)

positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1^st/2^nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis, e (3^rd Decl)

comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3^rd declension) (M/F)

----altius, altioris (neuter)

superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1^st/2^nd declension)

variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus)

words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)

irregulars: bonus melior, ius optimus (good, better, best)

malus peior, ius pessimus (bad, worse, worst)

parvus minor, us minimus (small, smaller, smallest)

magnus maior, ius maximus (big, bigger, biggest)

multus ------- plus plurimus (much, more, most)

Numbers:

Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem

100 –centum and 1000- mille

Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)

Ordinals: 1^st-10^th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus

Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative (regular and irregular)

-positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English)

-formation 1^st/2^nd Decl: pulcher, pulchrA, pulchrum=beautiful:

remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully

-formation 3^rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. e.g. celer ----celeriter; fortis -----fortiter

- comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) e.g. fortius –more bravely

-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely

-interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)

-irregulars: bene melius optimē (well, better, best)

male peius pessimē (badly, worse, worst)

magnopere magis maximē (greatly, more, greatest)

multum plus plurimum (much, more, most)

parum minus minimē (little, less, least)

diu diutius diutissimē (long, longer, longest)

Conjunctions:

sive… sive (whether…or), vel…vel (either…or), sī (if),

antequam (before), non modo...sed etiam (not only…but also) nam, (for)

vero (in truth, but, however) aut, (or) et (and),

quod (because) sed (but), ubi (when)

neque, (and not/neither/nor) et...et, (both… and) nec…nec (neither…nor)

neque...neque (neither…nor); aut…aut; (either…or) postquam; (afterwards) quamquam; (although)

Enclitic: -ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc)

-que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls)

- cum (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you)

-ve (or)

Verbs: Translations: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1) Perfect (3) Pluperfect (1), Future Perfect (1)

Present: I verb I do verb I am verbing

Imperfect: I was verbing I used to verb I did verb I verbed

Future: I shall/will verb

Perfect: I have verbed I verbed I did verb

Pluperfect: I had verbed

Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed

Passive Verbs: Translations: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect

Present: I am verbed I am being verbed

Imperfect: I was being verbed I used to be verbed I was verbed

Future: I shall/will be verbed

Perfect: I have been verbed I was verbed

Pluperfect: I had been verbed

Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed

Deponent Verbs: active translations, passive forms except: active forms in present participle, future participle and future infinitive. Sample verbs below:

1^st: arbitror, āri, arbitratus; (to judge, think) 2^nd: vereor, verērī, veritus (to fear, revere)

3^rd: loquor, loquī, locutus (to speak); sequor, sequī, secutus (to follow)

3^rd io: gradior, gradī, gressus (to walk) 4^th: orior, orīrī, ortus (to rise)

Conjugations 1^st – 4^th

-six tenses of the indicative mood: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future pf (active voice)

Present Imperfect Future 1^st/2^nd -3^rd/4^th Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

I -ō -bam -bō -am -ī -eram -erō

You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī -erās -eris

He, she, it -t -bat -bit -et -it -erat -erit

We -mus -bāmus -bimus -ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus

You pl -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis -erātis -eritis

They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt -erant -erint

present imperfect future1st/2^nd 3^rd/4^th perfect, pluperfect, future pf

-(o)r -bar -bor -ar 4^th pp + sum 4^th pp + eram 4^th pp + erō

-ris -bāris -beris -ēris 4^th pp + es 4^th pp + erās 4^th pp + eris

-tur -bātur -bitur -ētur 4^th pp + est 4^th pp + erat 4^th pp + erit

-mur -bāmur -bimur -ēmur 4^th pp + sumus 4^th pp + erāmus 4^th pp + erimus

-minī -bāminī -biminī -ēminī 4^th pp + estis 4^th pp + erātis 4^th pp + eritis

-ntur -bantur -buntur -ēntur 4^th pp + sunt 4^th pp + erant 4^th pp + erunt

-present active imperative singular and plural : = verb!

1^st 2^nd 3^rd 4^th

ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte

-irregular imperatives: dīc (speak, say), dūc, (lead) fac (do, make), fer (carry, bring)

-negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!

e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! nōlīte amāre = don’t love (plural)

-present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre

-present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī -ērī -ī -īrī

-perfect active infinitive= to have verbed use the 3^rd principal part + sse e.g. amāvisse

-perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4^th principal part + esse e.g. amātus esse

-future active =to be about to verb use the 4^th principal part + ūrus + esse e.g. amatūrus esse

-infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject)

Main(head) verb + accusative subject + infinitive verb

e.g. Sciō puellam ambulāre (I know that the girl is walking)

Sciō puellam ambulāvisse (I know that the girl walked)

Scīvī puellam ambulāre (I knew that the girl was walking)

Scīvī puellam ambulāvisse (I knew that the girl had walked)

-participles:

present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3^rd Decl)

perfect 4^th pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1^st/2^nd Decl)

future 4^th pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1^st/2^nd Decl)

-four tenses of the subjunctive mood: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect

1^st C 2^nd C 3^rd C 3^rd io and 4^th

Present Tense: Lets Beat That Liar + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (active)

+ r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur (passive)

Imperfect: present active infinitive (e.g. amāre) + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (active); = amārem

+(r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur (passive) = amārer

Perfect: 3^rd principal part + erō, erīs, erit, erīmus, erītis, erint = amāverō

Passive: 4^th principal part + sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint = amātus sim

Pluperfect: perfect active infinitive + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt = amāvissem

Passive: 4^th principal part + essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent = amātus essem

Sequence of Tense: Main Verb Subjunctive Verb

Primary Sequence: present, future, future perfect present, perfect

Secondary Sequence: imperfect, perfect, pluperfect imperfect, pluperfect

-irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): and possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerō I am, was, will be, have been, had been,will have been

es erās eris fuistī fuerās fueris You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been

est erat erit fuit fuerat fuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been

sumus erāmus erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will be,have been,had been,will have been estis erātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been

sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are,were,will be, have been , had been,will have been

I am able/can I was able/could I will be able I have been able I had been able I shall have been able

possum poteram poterō potuī potueram potuerō

potes poterās poteris potuistī potuerās potueris

potest poterat poterit potuit potuerat potuerit

posumus poterāmus poterimus potuimus potuerāmus potuerimus

potestis poterātis poteritis potuistis potuerātis potueritis

possunt poterant poterunt potuērunt potuerant potuerint

volō, velle, voluī – to wish, want (to) - Pf Infin = voluisse Participle: volens, entis

I want I wanted I will want I have wanted I had wanted I shall have wanted

volō volēbam volam voluī volueram voluerō

vīs volēbās volēs voluistī voluerās volueris

vult volēbat volet voluit voluerat voluerit

volumus volēbāmus volēmus voluimus voluerāmus voluerimus

vultis volēbātis volētis voluistis voluerātis volueritis

volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant voluerint

fiō, fierī, factus sum – to happen, become, be made, be done

I become I became I will become

fiō fiēbam fiam

fis fiēbās fiēs

fit fiēbat fiet

fimus fiēbāmus fiēmus

fitis fiēbātis fiētis

fiunt fiēbant fient

nōlō, nolle, noluī – to not want, be unwilling (to) Imperatives: nōlī and nōlīte------ Pf Infin = noluisse

I am unwilling I was unwilling I will be unwilling I have been unwilling I had been unwilling I shall have been unwilling

nolō nolēbam nolam noluī nolueram noluerō

nōn vīs nolēbās nolēs noluistī noluerās nolueris

nōn vult nolēbat nolet noluit noluerat noluerit

nolumus nolēbāmus nolēmus noluimus noluerāmus noluerimus

nōn vultis nolēbātis nolētis noluistis noluerātis nolueritis

nolunt nolēbant nolent noluērunt noluerant noluerint

mālō, mālle, maluī—to prefer Pf Infinitive = māluisse

I prefer I preferred I will prefer I have preferred I had preferred I shall have preferred

mālō mālēbam mālam māluī mālueram māluerō

māvīs mālēbās mālēs māluistī māluerās mālueris

māvult mālēbat mālet māluit māluerat māluerit

mālumus mālēbāmus mālēmus māluimus māluerāmus māluerimus

māvultis mālēbātis mālētis māluistis māluerātis mālueritis

mālunt mālēbant mālent māluērunt māluerant māluerint

eō, īre, iī, itūrus – to go Pf infin= īsse Part: iēns, euntis Gerund: eundī

I go I was going I shall go I have gone I had gone I shall have gone

eō ībam ībō iī ieram ierō

is ībās ībis īstī ierās ieris

it ībat ībit iit ierat ierit

imus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus ierimus

itis ībātis ībitis īstis ierātis ieritis

eunt ībant ībunt iērunt ierant ierint

Present Imperatives: (Sing) ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!)

ferō, ferre, tūlī, lātus – to carry, bear

I carry I carried I shall carry I have carried I had carried I shall have carried

ferō ferēbam feram tulī tuleram tulerō

fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris

fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit

ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus tulerimus

fertis ferēbātis ferētis tulistis tulerātis tuleritis

ferunt ferēbant ferent tulērunt tulerant tulerint

PASSIVE: To be carried

feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō

ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re) lātus es lātus erās lātus eris

fertur ferēbātur ferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit

ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus erimus

feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātis lātus eritis

feruntur ferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erant lātus erunt

Present Imperatives: (sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!)

impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative);

oportet (it is necessary)

-Subjunctive Verbs- (all forms)

-hortatory, (may, let) -purpose, (in order to, to, so that) -result, (so… that (as a result))

-indirect question, (question main verb & question word + subjunctive) e.g. I asked how he did that.

-cum clauses, (when, since, because, although + tamen)

-conditions – should…would aka future less vivid; (2 pres subj);

present contrary to fact; (2 imperfect subj) past contrary to fact (2 pluperfect subjunctives)

-Syntax

- ablative absolute

- passive periphrastic

- gerunds and gerundives

- expressions of purpose using gerunds and gerundives

II. CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE

-Authors and Literature:

general information on the life and works of Caesar:

general information on the life and works of Cicero:

Golden Age prose authors, e.g., Livy;

Silver Age prose authors, e.g., Pliny the Younger, Tacitus

-Rhetorical Figures: those common in prose, e.g., anaphora, hyperbole, irony, alliteration, simile, chiasmus

-Geography: Alexandria, Alps, Pyranees, Libya, Delphi,

-Regions of Italy: Latium, Etruria, Campania

Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Germania, Aegyptus

-Bodies of water: Mare Nostrum, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea

-Rivers: Tiber River; Rhine River, Po River, Nile River, Rubicon River

-Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts

-Provinces, e.g., Africa, Gallia, Asia Minor,

-Major cities: Carthage, Troy, Athens

-Islands: Sicilia, Creta

History:

-Basic historical divisions:

Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials

--Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius,

5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus

Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls, dictator, praetor, tribune, fasces

--Early Roman heroes: Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola

--Prominent historical characters: Hannibal; Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Spartacus

-- Major events of Roman history: Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of Gaul

Late Republic-Early Empire: Caesar, Cicero, Octavian (Augustus) --Battle of Actium, Pompey, Crassus, Catiline, eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials

-- Prominent historical characters: Augustus, Marc Antony, Cleopatra

-Mythology: Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus

Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva;

Major heroes, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus

Monsters Medusa, Cyclops, Minotaur, Chimera

Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen

The Underworld, e.g., Cerberus, Charon, Prosperina, Styx, Pluto

Groups and figures: Centaurs, Fates, Muses, nymphs, satyrs, Atalanta, Echo and Narcissus

-Roman life:

-calendar: Kalends, Nones, Ides, pridie, a.d. (ante diem)

-religion: Pontifex Maximus, Augures

-military: legio, castra, legatus, impedimenta

-ceremonies: weddings, funerals

-city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia

-basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae

-clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola;

-Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia

-meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina

-architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct, thermae (baths), circus, (chariot racing)

amphitheater (gladiatorial battles), curia (senate house), theatrum (theater, stage performances)

basilica, (law courts)

III. LATIN IN USE

-Basic spoken phrases:

plaudite omnes everyone clap me paenitet I’m sorry/I regret

eamus let’s go

Salve, salvete hello Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing?

Quid est nomen tibi? What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye

Ita vero, Yes! Minime, no!

Quid est? What is it? Quis est? Who is it?

Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining

Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum, I am present

Quid novi? What’s new? Quaenam est tempestas? What is the weather?

Surge, surgite Rise, get up Ignosce mihi Excuse me.

Bene respondisti You responded well

-Derivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped, introspection, omniscient, incredulous, benevolent, subsequent, moratorium, deciduous, contingent

-Expressions, tempus fugit, (time flies) carpe diem Veni vidi vici, Summa cum laude, per annum, caveat emptor, status quo, de facto, persona non grata, O tempora! O mores!, habeas corpus, Morituri te salutamus, cuique

-Mottoes E pluribus unum, (one out of many) ad astra per aspera, ars longa, vita brevis

-Abbreviations N.B., (nota bene= note well), A.M. i.e., A.D., et al, vs., q.v.

IV. LATIN 11 READING LEVEL

Students read and understand passages heavily adapted and simplified from the original authors. They interpret the meaning of the passage based on their knowledge of Roman culture.