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Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam I. LANGUAGE Nouns: Declensions 1st ,2nd and 3rd
1st D 2nd Mas 2nd Neu 3rd M/F 3rd Neu 4th M/F 4th Neu 5th a us/r um --- --- us ū ēs ae ī ī is is ūs ūs eī ae ō ō ī ī uī ū eī am um um em --- um ū em ā ō ō e (ī)/e ū ū ē
ae ī a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs ārum ōrum ōrum (i)um (i)um uum uum ērum īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus ās ōs a ēs (i)a ūs ua ēs īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
Cases: Nom-Abl (6) 1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative 2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’); - genitive with causa or gratia; -description - objective genitive - partitive genitive 3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting - purpose/reference - agent (with passive periphrastic)-- it must be done by me = mihi - with special adjectives, e.g., amicus, (friendly) hostilis, (hostile) gratus (pleasing) carus, (dear) similis, (similar)
-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days -extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep - place to which (without preposition) e.g. to Rome = Romam -accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement) -object of the following prepositions: apud- at (the house of), with praeter-except, besides super- above ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -around in –into, onto, against per -through post –after, behind contra -against inter-between, among prope -near trāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of
5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by -ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn -ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by -ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed - ablative of comparison- (doesn’t use quam) -taller than you = altior tē - ablative of description- - ablative of cause - - place from which (without preposition) -object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) Sub -under Sine -without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from
7. Locative: place where Other Noun Uses: Apposition (appositives)- restates another noun- put into same case as other noun- e.g. My sister, the doctor, is famous. Mea soror, medica famosa est. appositive Comparison with quam (= than): when comparing 2 nouns, put 2nd noun in same case as the first e.g. I am taller than you. Ego sum altior quam tū.
Pronouns: -personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs
I/me You/you We/us You/you Nom ego tū nōs vōs Gen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs Acc mē tē nōs vōs Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs -relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom Nom S quī quae quod Gen S cuius cuius cuius Dat S cui cui cui Acc S quem quam quod Abl S quō quā quō
Nom pl quī quae quae Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum Dat pl quibus quibus quibus Acc pl quōs quās qua Abl pl quibus quibus quibus
-interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what? Nom S quis quis quid Gen S cuius cuius cuius Dat S cui cui cui Acc S quem quem quid Abl S quō quō quō -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nom pl quī quae quae Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum Dat pl quibus quibus quibus Acc pl quōs quās quae Abl pl quibus quibus quibus -reflexive: meī, tuī, nostrum, vestrum, suī- self (refers back to subject)
meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self mē tē nōs vōs sē …self mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sē by/with/from…self -demonstratives: hic, ille, is This/these That/those He She It (also this/that) hic haec hoc ille illa illud is ea id huius huius huius illius illius illius eius eius eius huic huic huic illī illī illī eī eī eī hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud eum eam id hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō eō eā eō
hī hae haec illī illae illa eī eae ea hōrum hārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum eārum eōrum hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs hōs hās haec illōs illās illa eōs eās ea hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs -demonstratives: ipse, īdem, iste him-, her-, itself/themselves The same… That/those, such.. (usually pejorative) ipse ipsa ipsum īdem eadem idem iste ista istud ipsius ipsius ipsius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem istius istius istius ipsī ipsī ipsī eīdem eīdem eīdem istī istī istī ipsum ipsam ipsum eundem eandem idem istum istam istud ipsō ipsā ipsō eōdem eādem eōdem istō istā istō
ipsī ipsae ipsa eīdem eaedem eadem istī istae ista ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum eōrundem eārundem eōrundem istōrum istārum istōrum ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem istīs istīs istīs ipsōs ipsās ipsa eōsdem eāsdem eadem istōs istās ista ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem istīs istīs istīs -indefinite pronouns: aliquis, aliquid, (someone/thing, anyone/thing) quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (a certain one/thing, someone/thing) quisque, quidque (each one/thing) Adjectives: Declensions 1st ,2nd, 3rd (masculine, feminine and neuter) –positive form Fem Mas Neu Mas Fem Neu a us/r um -/is/e -/is/e -/e ae ī ī is is is ae ō ō ī ī ī am um um em em -/e ā ō ō ī ī ī
ae ī a ēs ēs ia ārum ōrum ōrum ium ium ium īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ās ōs a ēs ēs ia īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus -noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions) -interrogative: quot =how many -degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions (regular and irregular) positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis, e (3rd Decl) comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F) ----altius, altioris (neuter) superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1st/2nd declension) variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus) words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)
irregulars: bonus melior, ius optimus (good, better, best) malus peior, ius pessimus (bad, worse, worst) parvus minor, us minimus (small, smaller, smallest) magnus maior, ius maximus (big, bigger, biggest) multus ------- plus plurimus (much, more, most)
Numbers: Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem 100 –centum and 1000- mille Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
Ordinals: 1st-10th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus
Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative (regular and irregular) -positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English) -formation 1st/2nd Decl: pulcher, pulchrA, pulchrum=beautiful: remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully -formation 3rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. e.g. celer ----celeriter; fortis -----fortiter - comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) e.g. fortius –more bravely
-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely
-interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)
-irregulars: bene melius optimē (well, better, best) male peius pessimē (badly, worse, worst) magnopere magis maximē (greatly, more, greatest) multum plus plurimum (much, more, most) parum minus minimē (little, less, least) diu diutius diutissimē (long, longer, longest)
Conjunctions: sive… sive (whether…or), vel…vel (either…or), sī (if), antequam (before), non modo...sed etiam (not only…but also) nam, (for) vero (in truth, but, however) aut, (or) et (and), quod (because) sed (but), ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor) et...et, (both… and) nec…nec (neither…nor) neque...neque (neither…nor); aut…aut; (either…or) postquam; (afterwards) quamquam; (although)
Enclitic: -ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls) - cum (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you) -ve (or)
Verbs: Translations: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1) Perfect (3) Pluperfect (1), Future Perfect (1) Present: I verb I do verb I am verbing Imperfect: I was verbing I used to verb I did verb I verbed Future: I shall/will verb Perfect: I have verbed I verbed I did verb Pluperfect: I had verbed Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed
Passive Verbs: Translations: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect
Present: I am verbed I am being verbed Imperfect: I was being verbed I used to be verbed I was verbed Future: I shall/will be verbed Perfect: I have been verbed I was verbed Pluperfect: I had been verbed Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed
Deponent Verbs: active translations, passive forms except: active forms in present participle, future participle and future infinitive. Sample verbs below: 1st: arbitror, āri, arbitratus; (to judge, think) 2nd: vereor, verērī, veritus (to fear, revere) 3rd: loquor, loquī, locutus (to speak); sequor, sequī, secutus (to follow) 3rd io: gradior, gradī, gressus (to walk) 4th: orior, orīrī, ortus (to rise)
Conjugations 1st – 4th -six tenses of the indicative mood: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future pf (active voice) Present Imperfect Future 1st/2nd -3rd/4th Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect I -ō -bam -bō -am -ī -eram -erō You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī -erās -eris He, she, it -t -bat -bit -et -it -erat -erit We -mus -bāmus -bimus -ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus You pl -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis -erātis -eritis They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt -erant -erint
present imperfect future1st/2nd 3rd/4th perfect, pluperfect, future pf -(o)r -bar -bor -ar 4th pp + sum 4th pp + eram 4th pp + erō -ris -bāris -beris -ēris 4th pp + es 4th pp + erās 4th pp + eris -tur -bātur -bitur -ētur 4th pp + est 4th pp + erat 4th pp + erit -mur -bāmur -bimur -ēmur 4th pp + sumus 4th pp + erāmus 4th pp + erimus -minī -bāminī -biminī -ēminī 4th pp + estis 4th pp + erātis 4th pp + eritis -ntur -bantur -buntur -ēntur 4th pp + sunt 4th pp + erant 4th pp + erunt -present active imperative singular and plural : = verb! 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte
-irregular imperatives: dīc (speak, say), dūc, (lead) fac (do, make), fer (carry, bring) -negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! nōlīte amāre = don’t love (plural)
-present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre -present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī -ērī -ī -īrī -perfect active infinitive= to have verbed use the 3rd principal part + sse e.g. amāvisse -perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4th principal part + esse e.g. amātus esse -future active =to be about to verb use the 4th principal part + ūrus + esse e.g. amatūrus esse
-infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject) Main(head) verb + accusative subject + infinitive verb
e.g. Sciō puellam ambulāre (I know that the girl is walking) Sciō puellam ambulāvisse (I know that the girl walked) Scīvī puellam ambulāre (I knew that the girl was walking) Scīvī puellam ambulāvisse (I knew that the girl had walked)
-participles: present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl) perfect 4th pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1st/2nd Decl) future 4th pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)
-four tenses of the subjunctive mood: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect 1st C 2nd C 3rd C 3rd io and 4th Present Tense: Lets Beat That Liar + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (active) + r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur (passive)
Imperfect: present active infinitive (e.g. amāre) + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (active); = amārem +(r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur (passive) = amārer
Perfect: 3rd principal part + erō, erīs, erit, erīmus, erītis, erint = amāverō Passive: 4th principal part + sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint = amātus sim
Pluperfect: perfect active infinitive + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt = amāvissem Passive: 4th principal part + essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent = amātus essem
Sequence of Tense: Main Verb Subjunctive Verb Primary Sequence: present, future, future perfect present, perfect Secondary Sequence: imperfect, perfect, pluperfect imperfect, pluperfect
-irregular verb sum, esse, fu&# |